Role of the Media in Political Conflict Resolution

Role of the Media in Political Conflict Resolution An Analysis of the Media’s role in Political Conflict Resolution   Abwino Kumchenga CHAPTER THREE  III. METHODOLOGY The study was aimed at analyzing the role that the media can play in efforts to resolve conflicts incited by politicians. It was based on the Libertarian theory of  Ã‚  Communication  to vary what the media has to do in times when the conflict has risen to try to bring about mutual understanding among the various groups that may not be in good terms at a particular moment. Studies were conducted that involved people working in the media sector both private as well as public media houses including the actual people affected by such conflicts on the ground. Theoretical Framework This research was centered on media houses and personalities role in resolving political conflicts through their various ways that they can play in the process of resolving such conflicts, therefore it will focus on the communication theory of Libertarianism. Media has absolute freedom of expression, media as a watchdog, the press’ attacks on government policies are accepted and even encouraged but it is accountable (Roderick Long: philosopher). Other studies have shown how the state abuses the broadcasting sector in Malawi especially the two state broadcasting entities, MBC radios 1, 2 and Television, situations that eventually lead to political confusion as it is the norm among the different parties that have so far run the Malawi government. This development has seen to it that the state broadcaster usually becomes the mouthpiece for the party ruling the country at any particular time. This has been observed through the kinds of programming and how the content in such progr ams is perceived by the public. However, private media houses are not exempted in this matter, as far as the state broadcaster has to a larger extent been pro government in terms of programming, there have been others that have been highly anti government and have done their work to address political needs of opposition parties that are either affiliated to such stations or simply because the general public has in mind the fact that even if they may try to approach the public broadcaster for political advertisement, they cannot be treated just the same as private media houses can. â€Å"The obstacles facing journalism in Malawi are many, but by far the largest problem is that of political interference in the work of the media. Politicians currently control over 90% of Malawi’s media. The sole television station is state-owned and is very much under the control of politicians from the political party in power. Not surprisingly, the news content on TV Malawi is biased towards the ruling party. For example, the station runs a weekly programme called â€Å"Know your Member of Parliament†. Ever since it started last July, only MPs from the party in power have been featured, though the present Malawi Parliament has about the same number of MPs on the ruling side as in the opposition. The national radio station is worse. On it, low key party functionaries from the ruling side are allowed to castigate their opponents and glorify the Head of State. Opposition parties are not allowed a similar chance, thereby denying them the right to reply.† (Kumwe nda, 1999)  All this should not be part of METHODOLY. Find  another section appropriate for this information. Am thinking  Liturature  Review. Type of Design and the Assumptions that underlie it This study was based on qualitative research design and partly utilized the quantitative method to achieve the results of the case under study. It was the researcher’s assumption that since the study was on the role that can be played, it highly involved views of such personalities from different media houses like Zodiak Broadcasting Station’s political department, former employees of the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, and on the other hand were some employees from Blantyre Newspapers Limited. Not only were the views of such personalities utilized but also the views from the public at a selected site in Lilongwe Rural for validation purposes to the expected results. It is in this line that the quantitative research approach found its sole importance in the study as it was used to vary the figures arrived at in the process of coming up with the results through the various interviews that were conducted. Role of the Researcher The researcher is a qualified personality as far as conducting of this study was concerned. The main role of the researcher was to find out through this study, the role that the media can play in the process of political conflict resolution in regard to the fact that it is through the media that different political parties voice out their ideas to the public. Hence the media has a better stand when it comes to contact with such people and can be the right choice for intervention on political conflicts or misunderstandings. It should be noted that the researcher conducted this study as a partial fulfillment for obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mass Communication at the African Bible College. The researcher assumes that the people who were interviewed or asked to fill prepared questionnaires gave the necessary information since they were believed to be professionals in the field. And also the other group that was questioned from the general public was also expected to give the de sired information as they are the ones affected mostly by the issues that arise due to the misunderstandings that the main players in the political arena undertake. Selection and Description of the Study Sites and Participants The researcher intends to conduct structured interviews, at the highest level of the interviewees were several media house personalities in a bid to collect the necessary data for the study. The other level of interviews will be in a form of Questionnaires that will be prepared to collect data from groups with varying ages at Church level at Kaning’a CCAP in area 47. This is the way most of the data was collected through people’s participation in their responses to the questionnaires. The age groups were structured in terms of youths and adults and their gender inclusive, in order to determine the impact that the work of Journalists, media houses and the main players the politicians themselves that they have incited which has led to conflicts. Data Collection Strategies The interviews were conducted with different media house personalities ranging from those with Radio and Television work experience with private and state run stations to print media personalities to share their experiences in their work. Such data together with the data that was collected through the questionnaires that were produced and handed out to different age groups at Kaning’a CCAP Church formed the largest part of the data for this research. The data collected from the people at the church was treated as first hand information from the public itself hence not only getting the facts from the media itself but also those people on whom all those actions determined by politicians and the media falls on, that is those that get affected by the decisions made by those with the power to speak out in whatever way they can through the media, be it through the Radio, Television and also the print media and in this case the newspaper in particular. Data Analysis Strategies To analyze the data that was collected, SPSS statistical software will be utilized, in addition to that, Microsoft Excel will also be used to assess the findings. Basing on the outcomes of the findings, the researcher dwelt much on analyzing and eventually interpreting the data as collected from the respondents both at the highest and the second level of interviews. It is from the analysis of the collected data that conclusions will be made about the opinions and facts as heard from the respondents through the interviews and questionnaires that were prepared in the course of conducting this study. Methods of Achieving Validity To prove the validity of the data collected in this study, the statistical software used in this research (SPSS), (Microsoft Excel) will be fed with the data. After feeding the computer software with the information, it will therefore with its capability prove whether the collected data will be valid or not, be it in terms of its collection or the approaches used to arrive at the desired data in this process.  Sort out your margin for this section REFERENCES Kumwenda Peter(1999). Politics and the Media in Southern Africa. Durbun, South Africa.  Konrad Adenaeur Foundation. CHAPTER FIVE  V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Discussion In this section, the researcher’s emphasis is on the incorporation of what other writers have written about in their books and papers as recorded by the researcher in the literature review section of this study with the information that was found and decisions arrived at in the process of data collection for this study. From the responses given both by the general public as well as the people from the different media houses with regard to the guiding question that the researcher had in mind when conducting this study;  which was:  Ã‚  What  role can the media in Lilongwe play in times of political conflict  to  help  resoluse  matters  ?. It has been the researcher’s observation from the responses that yes there is a role that the media can play in trying to resolve conflicts among politicians and also help to avoid inciting conflicts. The general public touched on areas like being biased and not reporting fairly as some of the issues roaming around the media circle which brings about misunderstandings and confusion among the general public but the people themselves hoped that things can change for the better if the media practitioners can conduct themselves in a proper manner and also through fair means of reporting whatever they may be expected to report. Looking at what the media practitioners themselves commented when they were given a chance to speak about this topic, most of them indicated that indeed there are several roles that the media is expected to play in times when conflicts among politicians arise and they further talked about what they can even do to avoid such issues from emanating within the society because of their influence. Most of the respondents that participated were people with Radio, Television, and Print experience, these were media practitioners from the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, Zodiak Broadcasting Station, Nkhoma Radio Station and Blantyre Print and Packaging Limited. The practitioners were most ly in agreement with each other in terms of their comments, for example the issue of reporting without taking sides and regardless of any political affiliation. This is in line with what others have written before as indicated in the literature review as Puddephatt (2006) in his  Voices of War:  Conflict and the role of the media  book writes â€Å" in addition to the representation of the groups they are reporting on – in this case parties to the conflict – journalists also present their own views and interests†, from that it has to be noted that media practitioners as human beings also have their say on whatever issues they may come across with but they need to be professional in these issues and that implies reporting matters just the way they are as they happen and keep their opinions to themselves. One interesting side that the media practitioners touched on that was related to what is in the literature reviewed by the researcher was about consulting the media ethics and code of conduct first which is a challenge for most journalists practicing their services in a country where politicians own some of the media houses. Nymnjoh (2005) in his book,  Africa’s Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging  added that in Southern Africa it is particularly true of Malawi, where most of the so-called independent papers that were established before the 1994 elections ‘are privately owned by opposition parties, the state, government ministers or other politicians in their personal capacities’, with the sole aim of smearing political rivals. This development may be a good one but very tricky for someone working with such media houses owned by politicians because the people in politics may indeed in some instances influence their workers in this case journalists inclusive to write or broadcast that which is of interest to them hence promoting hate journalism. In situations as such it is very crucial for an individu al working in such kind of media to stick to the codes of ethics and conduct but the issue seems to be very different with regard to Malawi where most of the times others have just given in to the needs of their bosses. The researcher was of the view that this may be so sometimes simply due to the fact that not all of the media personalities may be well trained in these issues, but as a professionally trained journalist, the researcher believes that a journalist without knowledge of the media code of ethics and conduct may not be viewed as a  well-trained  practitioner and one who is ready to go into that field. On the other hand, the researcher was of the view that of course they may have undergone such training, but since it is a job and one tries to be submissive to his or her bosses and that is why it is easy to give in and simply do as the boss wishes yet knowing from deep down their hearts that what they are doing is not right. However the researcher thinks that that can a lso be another topic of study on its own if the readers can view it well and deeply think about it. Almost all of the media practitioners that participated in this research took the view of fair reporting, reporting issues just the way they are, without exaggerating and not putting words in people’s mouths but just to let the respondents answer the way they want and not to judge things on their own but to leave it up to the audience to come up with conclusions on what they have heard through the media. Conclusion This study was conducted in order to find out the role that the media can play in times when there is already a conflict in the political arena in the city of Lilongwe and what they can do to help resolve such disputes, and specifically it was aimed at getting the views from the members of Kaning’a CCAP church and also various media practitioners from different media houses with a varied range of media experience. The results according to the responses given to the researcher through the questionnaires that were prepared showed that indeed there are several roles that are there that the media can play in trying to resolve conflicts among politicians in Lilongwe. Not only did the general public confirm that the media really stands a better chance to bring about solutions in political conflicts, but the main players, the media practitioners themselves also agreed that indeed to a greater extent there are bigger roles that people in the media can play looking at them as the bridg e between the politicians and the general public. This according to the researcher proved to be a success in itself in that what the researcher was looking for through conducting this study as guided by the main research question came to light through the responses that the people themselves gave. The correlation of the responses from the general public with those from the people practicing their services in the media showed that really there is a lot that the media is expected to work on Recommendations Having conducted the study, collecting the necessary data, analyzing the data and coming up with conclusions basing on the findings in this paper, the researcher however has several recommendations to the various media practitioners and the different media houses in Lilongwe. In as much as everybody has his or her own view in a particular story or event as it may occur, there is a greater need for the people in the media to weigh the issue at hand and present it in a manner that will be appropriate to the audience regardless of their gender, race, occupation and even political affiliation. This will help to prevent cases of violence and not only that but also the media practitioner him or herself may also end up tarnishing their own image in the industry and being someone famous this can also ruin one’s career as people will definitely associate that particular individual with such kind of behavior. It should hereby be understood that the role of a journalist is to get informa tion as quick as possible to help boost the station’s popularity, but one thing that has to be put into consideration is the fact that putting words in people’s mouths is as costly as killing someone, it has to be noted here that should one report something not factual, if the people involved in that story end up not receiving the issue well, then your own words would surely come back to you and be dealt with accordingly. It is therefore of significance to be professional in the conduct of duties as media personalities. Working in the media should never be taken as an act of simply working in order to please one’s boss but to work with an aim of serving the needs and aspirations of the intended audience at large. Media bodies that watch the actions of media houses and personalities in general need not to look upon such kind of practitioners and houses that practice their work in manners that are not professional as they are expected. A good example is what the M alawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) is currently doing as the country is drawing closer to this year’s tripartite elections, calling upon the general public to report to the body if they suspect that any media house’s conduct seems to be leaning towards the interest of specific political parties, that development is a good one since the media would thereby be held accountable for their actions as in accordance with the stipulations of the communication Act. REFERENCES Nyamnjoh Francis B (2005).  Africa’s Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging. Pretoria,  RSA, UNISA Press. Puddephatt Andrew (2006).  Voices of War:  Conflict and the role of the media. International  Media support.

My Life Style Changes Essay

My Lifestyle Changes Paper will include the six components of wellness, that being Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Spiritual, Interpersonal and Environmental wellness. It will include my goals, my weaknesses as well as my strengths to the components of wellness as well as a plan for myself to manage all of these components. The paper will also include anticipated changes in my lifestyle that may challenge the individual components of wellness and how I plan to deal with these changes. The first component of wellness that I’ll discuss in that of Physical wellness, which requires eating well, exercising, avoiding harmful habits, responsible decision making, learning about and recognizing sicknesses and diseases, keeping regular medical and such checkups along with preventing injuries along with other physical characteristics of your body. My goals for Physical wellness are to live a healthy and active lifestyle. In order to do this I must improve on some of my weaknesses in this area, which are eating unhealthy foods. I must also learn to make some decisions that I make more responsible, as well as learning more about diseases and how I can prevent them from happening. Another key fault of mine is that I drink alcohol, it may be just a college phase, but in order to be completely physically healthy I must learn to cut down on my consumption of alcohol. Despite my weaknesses I do have many strengths in this area, some are exercising regularly which I have always tried to find time to do. Trying to be selective in my eating habits and eating as much healthy food as possible. Another strength is I am motivated and care about my physical appearance and how I treat my body and want to look. My plan to improve on my Physical wellness by continuing living an active lifestyle and exercising regularly. Also to try to step things up a notch for that of my strengths, continue doing the good things that I have been doing. I’d also like to improve greatly upon my weaknesses, by trying to be much more selective in my eating habits, trying to avoid late night snacking and eating foods low in fat and unhealthy substances. Another key thing for improving my Physical wellness is to cut down dramatically in my drinking of alcohol, which I plan on doing. I’d also like to become aware of diseases and injuries that I have a higher risk of attaining and do the things necessary to preventing these things. Along with that are some simple things that I can do to increase my Physical wellness, such as my driving habits to slow down my speeds, along with taking other safety precautions in things that I do. Basically just thinking about what it is I’m about to do, and making some responsible decisions for the good of my Physical wellness. Emotional wellness, which is optimism, trust, self-esteem, self-acceptance, self control, satisfying relationships and the ability to control my emotions and express them openly and properly. Emotional wellness to means a lot to me to be stable with myself and the relationships amongst my friends and family. My goals are to maintain steady relationships with those I’m associated with and always keep a positive frame of mind for myself to be happy. As well as to be at one with myself and expressing my emotions openly. My weaknesses as far as Emotional wellness are very little the one thing that I do not always do is express my emotions and what I’m actually feeling openly with others. My strengths are that I have very high self-esteem as well as self-confidence. I accept myself for who I am and that is all that I can ask of myself. I have very satisfying relationships with both my family and friends. I also do a lot of thinking and exploring of myself, to think about things going on in my life and how I’d like to deal with them. I plan to manage my Emotional wellness better by trying to be more open about my feelings and thoughts with others. I’d like to be able to sit down and talk about my problems if I have any with any one I know, that’s how open and emotionally stable I’d like to become. Rather than just letting things sit inside me not knowing what’s to come of my thoughts and feelings built up inside. This is a very positive aspect of my life, but you can always improve on anything and I’d like to on my openness to others as I have talked about above. Intellectual wellness is being open to new ideas, the ability to think and question critically, motivation to fulfill new skills, sense of humor, creativity as well as having curiosity. My goals for intellectual wellness are to keep my mind constantly learning and never be satisfied with what I have learned. My weaknesses for Intellectual wellness are also very few, the one thing that I think really stands out from the list is creativeness. Which also may have some things to do with thinking critically. My strengths are that I’m a very open minded person always willing to try and experience something new. I have a great motivation and determination inside of me that makes me want to perfect whatever it is I’m doing at the time whatever it may be. My sense of humor is also very key, I couldn’t live without having humor and laughing, its just one of the greatest things about live to make someone smile or smiling yourself. I also find myself curios about new things asking questions and researching about things I don’t know something about, constantly trying to learn more and more all of the time. My goals as far as Intellectual wellness go to keep on doing what I have been for the positives and to always keep an open mind no matter what the situation may be. As far as improving I can try to be more creative my just trying new things, thinking about things seriously and really trying hard to do different things each time could improve my creativeness. Spiritual wellness is the ability to have guiding beliefs, principles or values that give you a purpose in life. It involves love, compassion, forgiveness, altruism, joy and fulfillment. My weaknesses are in this category are that I’m a college student and I don’t have to time that’d I’d like to greater explore my Spiritual wellness. I’d like to be more involved with my family and experience more of the things Intellectual wellness has to do with them. As well as church, I’d love to become an active member in my church once again. My strengths are that I do know that I have a person in life and would like to fulfill that purpose for the good. I also have love all around me, from friends and family. I’m very happy where I am and what I’m doing with my life. I also do pray every night and believe in God and I want to go to heaven. I know what it is to be compassionate to others as well as when I’m receiving it as well as that of forgiving others for their wrong doing and receiving it from them when I do wrong. My goals for improving my Intellectual wellness are that to try and spend more time with my family to spread and receive the love, compassion and joy as well as all the things that come in Intellectual Wellness that they have to offer. Once I am done with college and on my own again I also plan on becoming an active member in a church in my area and attending. Although I’m very happy in my life right now, I think with the church it just can make everything more meaningful and really help you realize your purpose in life. Interpersonal and Social wellness is the ability to have satisfying relationships, both physical and emotionally. It involves good communication skills, developing intimacy, support networks such as family and friends. My goals for this are to keep steady and good relationships with those around me and to always be involved in someway with my loved ones. My weaknesses in this category are very few, the one thing I feel I don’t do well is show my intimacy and love enough to my family and friends who surround me. My strengths in the category are many every relationship that I have every had I’d have to say had been a good and satisfying one and I remain on good terms with all my family and friends. I feel they are both physically and emotionally stable, I’m so close with so many people and have so much trust in them and feel as if I could tell anyone of my family members or friends anything I felt like. Knowing they’d be caring and supportive in my decision or wrongdoing. Which brings me to the next strength which is communication, that I feel is the key to developing long lasting interpersonal and social relationships with your family and friends. You have to talk about things and get them out amongst your family and friends to keep a good relationship going. The support of my family and friends has also always been there and likewise for my self for them, I know that anything I do or they do we will be rooting for one another until the end, which is a great thing. It really makes you feel good about yourself to know that you have everyone on your side there for you. The things that I could work on to improve with showing my intimacy and love for my family and friends, I’d have to try and develop even tighter relationships than we already have which could be tough to do. I think just as far as always being there for them and telling them that you love them and care about them, are things I can do to assure those around me of my intimacy and love for them. So I plan on trying to be close and always be positive and encourage my loved ones and tell them how much they really mean to me, thus improving my Interpersonal and Social wellness. Last is Environmental wellness, which is that to benefit our planet from your doing as well and keeping healthy due to the effect of our environment. My goals for Environmental wellness is to greatly improve my awareness as well as my wellness in it more than I am right now, not to just benefit myself but the future of our world. My weaknesses as far as Environmental wellness starts off with and obvious one recycling, which I don’t do. Another major one if driving everywhere as a single passenger of a car, which pollutes the air. Another harmful thing that comes from the environment is its ultraviolet rays that I don’t always protect myself from. Another thing that I don’t do but am harmed from as well as the air is breathing in second hand smoke. Now onto my strengths for Environmental wellness which is by far my weakest category. I do recycle when its provided but not on my own is one positive. Another positive is that I don’t smoke nor do I encourage smoking to those around me. Littering is also that I’m really against and have participated in Adopt a Highway Program numerous times. I also don’t participate in violence in society I’m against fighting, and often talked other out of it. My plan to fix my weaknesses are to become much more aware of the environmental factors that I can contribute to, for helping our world a better place. I’d like to get recycle bins around my house and begin recycling all the products accordingly. I’d also like to car pool to cut the rush hour traffic down in Minneapolis, and more importantly to help prevent the air pollution in the environment. I’d also like to protect myself from the ultraviolet rays of the sun more often while lounging in it, by using sun block of the proper SPF to lower my risk of skin cancer. I’d also like to cut down on my hanging out in places where there are high amounts of second hand smoke and just be wiser in my decisions to where I want to go and take an alternate place without smoke floating about in the air. These are the things I’d like to do to raise my level of awareness and of contributing to my Environmental wellness. Now I will be talking about some anticipated changes that will most likely occur in my life, and which of the six components of the wellness I think I will be affected in by these changes. The first change that will occur that I’m going to talk about is aging. I think that the greatest challenge that everyone will come about will be aging and its toll on your Physical wellness. The challenge to try and stay physically healthy, as you get older it only gets more challenging. You must really watch what you eat, and go to the doctor more often for regular checkups on your health and most of all try to keep active and try and treat your injuries and sicknesses quickly so they don’t take a toll on you. Aging I feel may as well take some amount of challenge on your Emotional wellness, being that were all so used to being young and healthy. That for many it may be difficult to stay positive and keep your mind thinking you can make it through this tough stage of aging. Aging may also take some challenge to overcome the Intellectual wellness, by growing old you forget things, and seem that you’ve seen it all. So you must keep that desire to learn to keep on tact of your Intellectual wellness and continue to be open and learn and grow as you age. Changes in a job may also be a challenge that you may come across in your time, I think this could really affect your Emotional wellness, especially if you don’t like the change. We must learn to accept changes and learn to stay positive and take things as they come about to us. Intellectual challenges also we will all come about, not being in school anymore and feeling as if we know it all from our experiences. We must constantly continue to learn, you can never know too much. So we must keep open to new things and challenges that we come about and keep a positive frame of mind when these challenges may come about our lives. In order to adapt to the lifestyle changes that we may come about, we must be motivated for the changes and set goals to overcome your weaknesses and make changes for the good, and keep all the components of wellness in mind in doing so.

Use of the Word Analogies in the ESL Classroom

Using words analogies is a useful way of building vocabulary. Word analogies can be created using many different categories. Here is a simple example of a word analogy: Hot is to cold as up is to down OR hot - cold | up - down This is an example of a word analogy using antonyms. Here are a number of word analogies in a wide variety of categories.   Word Analogies: Antonyms or Opposites hot - cold | up - downblack - white | happy - sadlaugh - cry | rich - poorcrazy - sane | large - small Word Analogies: Relationships Expressing a Part of the Whole eye - head | finger - handcent - dollar | inch - footeraser - pencil | CPU - computerwheel - car | sink - plumbing Word Analogies: Relationships Between Numbers one - two | two - four1/2 - 1 | 10 - 20six - thirty-six | two - four100 - 1,000 | 1,000 - 10,000 Word Analogies: Sequences breakfast - lunch | morning - afternoonMonday - Tuesday | AM - PMwork - earn | plant - harvestleave - arrive | get up - go to sleep Word Analogies: Objects and Their Uses (noun - verb) pen - write | food - eatlawn - mow | coffee - drinksugar - sweeten | ball - throwbutton - push | letter - mail Word Analogies: Objects and Their Users (thing - person) library - student | computer - programmercar - driver | piano - musicianbrush - painter | football - quarterbackdoll - child | cell phone - teenager Word Analogies: Grammatical Relationships I - me | He - himdrive - driven | fly - flownto think - thinking | to shout - shoutingsome - any | already - yet Word Analogies: Group Relationships student - class | member - clubplayer - team | representative - congressjudge - court | policeman - police forceviolin player - orchestra | teller - bank Word Analogies: Cause and Effect (adjective - verb) thirsty - drink | tired - sleepdirty - wash | funny - laughwet - dry | hot - cool downcurious - ask | sad - cry

Obesity Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in the United States of America. Many of the results related to obesity considered to be an adult disease in the past, now obesity also affects young peoples body healthy. In children and adolescents, obesity increases the risk of adult obesity with complications. For example, hypertension, diabetes and heart disease are well known. Obesity in children and adolescents will be a prevalent and costly disease. Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in adults and children at global level. Moreover, not only in developed countries, but in worldwide, obesity trends are causing serious public health concern and in many countries threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. 2.6 million Deaths caused by obesity worldwide every year, overweight and obesity prevalence has increased in children and adults in the United States (Raj 598). Not only the rise of health concern of obesity, over past several decades, record shows an increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. A lot more programs and classes are set up for preventing obesity, but the outcome results are very negative. Thoroughly understand obesity will help us build the correct view to obesity, live in a healthy way in normal life and find a better way to prevent obesity. Children and Adolescents Obesity is a health issue that is discussed between children andShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. 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As mentioned before, obesity among children between 2 and 5 are decreasing. But those among age groups 11 and 19 are increasing. This may explain the constant rate of obesity amongRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A National Epidemic1406 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a national epidemic. Nearly 1 in 3 children (ages 2-19) in the United States is overweight or obese, putting them at risk for serious health problems. Stud ies show that overweight kids are likely to become overweight and obese adults. This is a significant issue in the U.S. and needs to be monitored closely. Some parents are in denial that their children are obese and do not do anything to help or prevent it. When obesity is a problem at a young age it is very easy to have, itRead MoreThe Field Of Psychosocial Epidemiology Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables associated with a chronic health condition. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by presence of excess of body fat. Obesity is measured by using Body Mass Index (BMI) in children 2 years of age and older. The BMI is calculated by the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the height squared in meters. In adults, a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 is regarded as overweight and a BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese. Obesity in adults is subcategorized as class I (BMI ≠¥30

Genetically Modified Organisms As Know ( Gmos ) - 1089 Words

Genetically modified organisms as know (GMOs) is polemically in the past years. The purpose of this is to modify organisms; genetic traits in plants are to make them better for the taste, environmental and production. The plant can be stronger and defending about insects, health, herbicides and ecological threats. In some countries, this modification helps to prevent hunger in the population. The traits can be modified adding and subtracting unwanted characteristics that make the plant weak. There is a diversity of products contain GMOs. On the domestic animals modification, genetic engineering can be useful for the prevention of unwanted illness to happen to the animals. Some of the animals are modified for human medical objectives. An†¦show more content†¦Also, products are made containing these ingredients like salad dressings, and soybean oil in mayonnaise, breads, cereals, canola oil and snack food based on the research. Furthermore, in the U.S. is not required to label the products containing GMOs so is unpredictable to know how many products have been genetically modified. Also, the FDA approves for products being labelled â€Å"GMO free† and â€Å"USDA-Organic label that means the product is not genetically modified. (Federici, 2010, p. 518) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration states, is evidence available to show that foods from genetically engineered plants are safe like foods from plants does not been genetically engineered. FDA requires products grow in the U.S. notify them first to find out if they are made safe and legal before is up for sale. If the FDA doesn t complete the safety requirements procedure for the product, it cannot be a sale. In the step evaluation, including biotechnology nutrients are examined like vitamins, protein, fiber, minerals and fat. The main points tested if the product if toxic or allergenic. In the 90`s the FDA created Plant Biotechnology Consultation Program that on a voluntary basis producers joins to follow a procedure to determine if the product is under the law and safety regulations. The evaluation consists of questions regarding the product content. Important issues are if the product has

The Government”s Taking of Private Property Free Essays

The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated â€Å"the great and chief end, therefore, of men†s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property† (Locke/ McClaughry 3). We will write a custom essay sample on The Government†s Taking of Private Property or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states â€Å"Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizen†s private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that person†s land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizen†s land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking â€Å"as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner† (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the state†s restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387. 50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was necessary, even if it did affect the property†s value. Lucas appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States decided on Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in June of 1992. This was four years after the Beachfront Management Act, which prohibited construction on Lucas† lots, was enacted in 1988. An amendment was made to the Act in 1990 that would allow construction in special situations. Lucas could possibly appeal to the Council and receive a permit to build on his lots at the time of the Supreme Court hearings. Lucas argued that the deprivation of use of his land from 1988-1990 amounted to a taking. The Supreme Court decided to grant certiorari. According to Locke, the government†s purpose is to protect and enforce people†s natural rights. One of the natural rights, according to Locke, is life. The coastal area of the Isle of Palms that Lucas† lots were on has been plagued with floods. Justice Blackmun stated that the land was â€Å"under water† from 1957 until 1963. In addition, between 1981 and 1983, â€Å"the Isle of Palms issued twelve emergency orders for sandbagging to protect property† (Blackmun 2). The state of South Carolina saw Lucas† property as unsafe. â€Å"Long ago it was recognized that all property in this country is held under the implied obligation that the owner†s use of it shall not be injurious to the community, and the Takings Clause did not transform that principle to one that requires compensations whenever the State asserts its power to enforce it† (Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass. 491-492). The state†s prevention of building on the site in question would not only foreseeably save the beach from erosion,! insurance and federal aid money, but possibly lives. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that when all value has been taken from property that the owner must receive compensation for it. The question still stands as to whether the state caused the land to become valueless by restricting the building upon it. Justice Blackmun argued, â€Å"†¦ yet the trial court, apparently believing that ‘less value† and ‘valueless† could be used interchangeably, found the property ‘valueless†Ã¢â‚¬  (Blackmun 5). He goes on to propose that the land still held value because Lucas could enjoy it in other ways, such as camping, swimming, picnicking, or placing a mobile home on it. The value of the property often lies in the eye of the beholder. In Colorado, a piece of legislation is being proposed that might become a model for other states where property rights are concerned. The Private Property Protection Act would allow â€Å"a landowner to seek compensation when a regulation takes away more than fifty percent of the land†s value† (McClaughry 4). This act hopes † to establish a standard for the most serious regulatory takings and to afford a method of relief for a landowner whose rights have been taken† according to McClaughry (McClaughry 8). In 1997, Senator Hatch (R-UT) introduced a piece of legislation called the Citizen†s Access to Justice Act. This Act would â€Å"reduce delay and expense of litigation by clearly defining when a property owner†s claim is ripe† for adjudication (Annett 2). This piece of legislation would help speed the process that is so costly for property owners. The Private Property Rights Implementation Act was passed in October of 1997. This Act helps owners pass their first hurdle by allowing them to have the merits of their case heard in federal court. The Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act, also passed in October of 1997, helps citizens pass the second hurdle by â€Å"resolving the jurisdictional question for federal courts† (Annett 3). Even though the Supreme Court†s ruling in Lucas looked promising for property rights advocates, it turned out not to be such a big win after all. Justice Scalia limited the application of the ruling to total takings, excluding partial takings. The distinction between total and partial takings â€Å"is arbitrary and inconsistent with the purposes of the Takings Clause† (Butler 3). It is possible that one landowner could lose more money on a piece of property that is only partially taken and not receive compensation for it, when another landowner could be compensated for a piece of land that is not wholly worth as much as the other owner†s partial piece. The Supreme Court†s partial versus total taking has made a big impact upon lower court judges however. The lower courts are using the decision as a standard by which to judge regulatory property rights cases across the board. Many defendants are attempting to use the ruling, to fight prohibited construction on their land, where it is not applicable. Defendants â€Å"cannot claim their land is valueless simply because they might have developed it in the future† (Butler 5). The other relevant part of the Lucas decision is that â€Å"if the activity was previously permitted under relevant property and nuisance principles, then the prohibition of the activity would be a total regulatory taking that must be compensated† (Butler 6). Justice Blackmun ponders whether the government is going to be able to continue if it must weigh the possibility of compensation when making laws outlawing serious dangers to society. However, if all economically beneficial uses are not destroyed by the regulation, then it does not matter whether or not the activity was previously permitted. Another case of regulatory property taking that is still on the state level is the expansion of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. With the expansion of the airport, increased air traffic would be flying over the nearby Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In compensation for the affects on the habitat, â€Å"†¦ the Fish and Wildlife Service is going to be paid over $20 million† (Young 1). However, the money is going to come from fees and charges placed on people using the airport. When someone from the private sector causes detriment to federal lands they must compensate the government for the lost lands. The end of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council remains to be told. The South Carolina Supreme Court ordered the state of South Carolina to purchase the two lots in question from David Lucas. The state then put the two lots on the market as residential sites. Perhaps the â€Å"courts should look beyond the public-interest rhetoric and examine the validity of the alleged public purpose† (Butler 7). This is the other side of regulatory takings. If the states are required to pay property owners millions of dollars for the land in question, are they going to be able to uphold the Acts and legislation that got them there? Locke†s natural rights seem to conflict over the regulatory taking of private property. The natural right to life appears to have precedent over the natural right to property according to the government†s actions in dealing with regulatory takings. The government says that the taking of the land is in the best interest of society, but rights of the individu! al are being overlooked. When the taking is free to the government, it appears to be a good plan of action for them. When the government must pay for their land, they weigh the pros and cons of their decisions a little more heavily. The Lucas case is full of precedents, good and bad, for both sides of the issue of regulatory takings. How to cite The Government†s Taking of Private Property, Essay examples

Report on Cloud Storage Forensics-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are a Digital Forensics Examiner. Considering a real or a hypothetical case you are required to produce a formal report consisting of facts from your findings to your attorney who has retained you. Answer: Introduction In this era of ICT, smartphones have become an important part of the life of the people. Cloud storage applications are gaining importance as it allows the users to gain access to their own information from any location and at any time. Mobile phones play a significant role in assisting the criminals to commit any criminal act (Poisel, Malzer Tjoa, 2013). These mobile devices act as evidence in the investigations of cyber crimes as well as traditional crimes. MEGA is a cloud app that can be used in place of Google Drive and Dropbox (Daryabar, Dehghantanha Choo, 2017). This forensics report examines a scenario on cloud storage forensics. It focuses on the MEGA cloud app case study. It gives a brief overview of the concept of cloud forensics along with its usage. It analyzes a real life scenario called MEGA case study and tries to find out what modifications to the metadata during the process of downloading and uploading process might affect the preservation of evidences on an android as well as iOS platforms. This report also discusses about the findings and gives the result of the analysis. Analysis Cloud Forensics Cloud forensics can be considered to be an application of the digital forensics. This field combines the concept of cloud computing with digital forensics. Digital forensics applies science to identify, collect, examines and analyzes data while maintaining its integrity (De Marco, Kechadi Ferrucci, 2013). Cloud computing on the other hand is an IT paradigm that deals with allowing users to get access to shared resources over the Internet on the basis of their demand. Cloud forensics is a part of network forensics. There are three main dimensions of cloud forensics called technical, legal as well as organizational dimension. The cloud storage platform services that are used, mainly the mobile applications have the ability to leave behind trace or information that can be useful in any civil or criminal litigation. Organizations consist of internal as well as external staffs that play a major role in the process of digital forensics (Ruan Carthy, 2012). The investigators play the most significant role in forensics. They have high knowledge about forensic capabilities. IT professionals are also involved in assisting the investigators in identifying any crime activity. Legal advisors also play a crucial role in cloud forensics. Use of Cloud Forensics Cloud forensics has various usages like: Investigation: It can be used for investigating crime as well as policy violation in a cloud environment. It can be useful in providing evidences to the court (Ruan et al., 2013). Troubleshooting: Data files can be located physically and virtually in the cloud environment. Log monitoring: It assists in auditing and regulatory compliance (Thorpe et al., 2013). Data Recovery: It helps to recover data that has been deleted in an accidental manner. It also helps to recover encrypted data. Tools and Methodologies The cloud computing forensics uses certain procedures to carry out the forensic process. They are discussed below: Data collection: This process deals with the identification and acquisition of forensic data from various sources of information present in the cloud. These data can be either client side information or provider side information. The tools that are used for collecting data are different for different service models of cloud computing. Data can be collected in a sequential manner depending upon its volatility. If the data has high volatility then it can be collected first and if the data has low volatility then can be collected later. Elastic, live and static forensics: The resources of cloud storage can be provisioned on the demand of the clients. The tools that are used in cloud computing can be elastic in nature. Most of the cases use live and static forensic tools. Examples of such cases are e-discovery, data recovery and data acquisition. Evidence segregation: Cloud computing allows the users to share resources over the Internet and save the cost. It supports multi tenant environment. Procedures and tools for segregating forensic data present in the cloud need to be developed. Investigation: Investigation can be carried out based on the data that are retrieved from the cloud platform. But the data present in the cloud are susceptible to various attacks. Pro-active preparation: This stage involves designing of forensic-aware cloud apps. It also involves design principles, tracking authentication as well as access-control records. The investigation framework of the MEGA case study is as follows: Identification as well as collection: Evidences had been collected from the internal memory of Samsung Galaxy Tab II and the internal memory of iPad. Its network traffic had also been monitored and captured by TCPDump. Preservation: The entire acquired file was verified by calculating the MD5 hash value. Examination as well as analysis: The images from the internal memory and backups were examined for determining data remnants of using MEGA application on iOS and Android devices. EDRM was downloaded in order to carry out the experiment. Separate experiments were conducted on the iOS and Android devices in order to carry out the investigation. Ten experiments had been conducted and the devices were reset. 0xED was used for Mac and the Hex Workshop was used for Android device. These were used for the purpose of analyzing internal storage. The experiments conducted on Android as well as iOS devices are shown in a tabular format (Appendix 1 and 2) Amazon S3, Google Docs, Evernote and Dropbox are such models that help in the investigation process of cloud storage apps (Chung et al., 2012). Researchers have been able to recover data remnants like username, names of the uploaded and downloaded files from Motorola Droid that was running Android 2.2.2 version and from iPhone 4 that was running iOS 4.3.5 version as well as from Mac PC and Widows PC (Grispos, Glisson Storer, 2015). Windows 7 was investigated for the purpose of identifying forensic information from Google Docs, Dropbox, Flickr and PicasaWeb (Marturana, Me Tacconi, 2012). Forensic tools can be injected into the virtual machines of Amazon EC2 (Dykstra Sherman, 2012). Client as well as server analysis can also be held (Martini Choo, 2013). There are other cloud forensic models that can be used for the purpose of examining Google Drive and SkyDrive. These models were also able to determine whether there was any alteration of the content of the file and documents (Quic k Choo, 2014). The non-preinstalled application document contents of iCloud remained unchanged. But on the other hand the MD5 hash values were not matched and the timestamps had been changed. There is a process that contains six steps for collecting data in a programmed manner from a remote location (Martini Choo, 2014). A brief snapshot of the cloud forensics research is presented in a tabular form (Appendix 3). Findings A forensic process is sound and correct if certain key criteria are satisfied. These key criteria are as follows: Meaning: This means that the data evidence that has been collected for the purpose of carrying out investigations based on digital forensics must not lose its real meaning as well as interpretation. The data must retain its integrity. Error: Errors must be identified at the correct time so that it does not harm the validity of the information that was found. Hash functions can be used for the purpose of identifying errors during the process of forensic collection. Transparency: The forensic processes must be transparent so that the investigation is carried out in an effective and honest manner. This will help in the validation of the process integrity. Experience: The individuals who are involved in the process of forensic investigation must have high knowledge and sufficient experience for carrying out the investigation of forensic data. Forensic investigation is done in case of extremely serious issues and any fault in the process can harm several individuals as well as organizations. Experience plays a significant role in the cloud forensic investigations. In order to find out whether a forensic data is sound or not, the potential changes in the document data as well as metadata during the time of download and upload must be detected. In the MEGA case study the MD5 hashes value of the actual files was found out and then it was compared with data of the downloaded file using the cloud applications on the iOS as well as Android devices. The hash values of the real file had completely matched with the downloaded file. This determined that there were no changes made to the document and file contents during the process of downloading and uploading. Then the timestamps were compared between the original and the downloaded documents by using the stat command. The comparison determined that the timestamps were different for both the types of files. All the timestamps was same as that of the destination folders of all the devices. It has been seen that if the user modifies the date and time of the iOS or Android device before the process of dow nload takes place then the timestamps of the file that is downloaded will also change and this will not match with timestamp of the original file that was uploaded. Findings of the Android devices are as follows: It has been determined that whenever a user logs into the account by using application then the internal memory of the Android device stores the username. Decrypted files can also be determined. It has also been found out that the shared URL links can be created as well as saved to files. The files can be shared which depends on its settings. Findings of the iOS devices are as follows: It was found out that the mega.ios.plist files were possible to be recovered. The login details could also be found out. It was also possible to recover uploaded files. It is clear from the findings that the MEGA app could not modify the downloaded file contents. The hash values of the original as well as the downloaded files remained the same. Only the timestamps were different (Quick Choo, 2013). The timestamps were same as that of the client devices. URLs as well as the IP addresses that were used by the app, server names, timestamps as well as the certification provider that were used by the cloud storage services could be determined. There are also certain challenges in the cloud storage forensics. Glossary E-discovery: Electronic discovery (also callede-discoveryorediscovery) refers to any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case. TCPDump: TCPDumpis a commonpacket analyzerthat runs under thecommand line. MD5: TheMD5algorithm is a widely usedhashfunction producing a 128-bithashvalue. AlthoughMD5was initially designed to be used as a cryptographichash function, it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. Amazon S3: Amazon Simple Storage Service is storage for the Internet. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. VM: In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide functionality of a physical computer. URL: A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. IP: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. Conclusion It can be concluded from this report that that the MEGA app could not modify the downloaded file contents. This report gave a brief overview of the concept of cloud forensics and its usage. It said that a forensic process is sound and correct if certain key criteria are satisfied .This report stated that the hash values of the original as well as the downloaded files remained the same. Only the timestamps were different. This report discussed that the cloud certain procedures to carry out the cloud storage forensic process like data collection and evidence segregation. References Chung, H., Park, J., Lee, S., Kang, C. (2012). Digital forensic investigation of cloud storage services.Digital investigation,9(2), 81-95. Daryabar, F., Dehghantanha, A., Choo, K. K. R. (2017). Cloud storage forensics: MEGA as a case study.Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences,49(3), 344-357. De Marco, L., Kechadi, M. T., Ferrucci, F. (2013, September). Cloud forensic readiness: Foundations. InInternational Conference on Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime(pp. 237-244). Springer, Cham. Dykstra, J., Sherman, A. T. (2012). Acquiring forensic evidence from infrastructure-as-a-service cloud computing: Exploring and evaluating tools, trust, and techniques.Digital Investigation,9, S90-S98. Grispos, G., Glisson, W. B., Storer, T. (2015). Recovering residual forensic data from smartphone interactions with cloud storage providers.arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.02268. Martini, B., Choo, K. K. R. (2013). Cloud storage forensics: ownCloud as a case study.Digital Investigation,10(4), 287-299. Martini, B., Choo, K. K. R. (2014, September). Remote programmatic vCloud forensics: a six-step collection process and a proof of concept. InTrust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on(pp. 935-942). IEEE. Marturana, F., Me, G., Tacconi, S. (2012, October). A case study on digital forensics in the cloud. InCyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery (CyberC), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 111-116). IEEE. Poisel, R., Malzer, E., Tjoa, S. (2013). Evidence and Cloud Computing: The Virtual Machine Introspection Approach.JoWua,4(1), 135-152. Quick, D., Choo, K. K. R. (2013). Forensic collection of cloud storage data: Does the act of collection result in changes to the data or its metadata?.Digital Investigation,10(3), 266-277. Quick, D., Choo, K. K. R. (2014). Google drive: forensic analysis of data remnants.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,40, 179-193. Ruan, K., Carthy, J. (2012, October). Cloud forensic maturity model. InInternational Conference on Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime(pp. 22-41). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Ruan, K., Carthy, J., Kechadi, T., Baggili, I. (2013). Cloud forensics definitions and critical criteria for cloud forensic capability: An overview of survey results.Digital Investigation,10(1), 34-43. Thorpe, S., Grandison, T., Campbell, A., Williams, J., Burrell, K., Ray, I. (2013, June). Towards a forensic-based service oriented architecture framework for auditing of cloud logs. InServices (SERVICES), 203 IEEE Ninth World Congress on(pp. 75-83). IEEE